Financial Investment - 101 - TEQPS, ROE Etc

While trying to understand some fundamentals concepts such as TEQPS (Total Equity Per Share), Book Value (BV) I got to read the following articles. I still don't understand why TEQPS and BV, which are supposedly the same, have different values for companies. Anyway...

TEQPS 

https://bizfluent.com/how-7532440-calculate-pershare-equity-value.html

"When there are no preferred shares, the equity per share is simply the shareholders’ equity divided by the number of common shares issued and outstanding."

What is shareholders equity?

"Shareholders equity is the difference between total assets and total liabilities. It is also the Share capital retained in the company in addition to the retained earnings minus the treasury shares. ... Shareholders equity is also called Share Capital, Stockholder's Equity or Net worth."

Difference between net income and cash flow
https://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/site/fcf.gif (from https://www.investopedia.com/university/fundamentalanalysis/fundanalysis8.asp)

From Investopedia:
Cash conversion cycle (CCC)
Calculated in days, the CCC reflects the time required to collect on sales and the time it takes to turn over inventory. The shorter this cycle is, the better. Cash is king, and smart managers know that fast-moving working capital is more profitable than tying up unproductive working capital in assets.

CCC = DIO + DSO – DPO
DIO - Days Inventory Outstanding
DSO - Days Sales Outstanding
DPO - Days Payable Outstanding
And
The fixed asset turnover ratio is calculated as:
Average fixed assets can be calculated by dividing the year-end PP&E of two fiscal periods (ex. 2004 and 2005 PP&E divided by two).
And
ROA (Return of Assets) = (Net Income)/ (Average Assets)

Where Average total assets can be calculated by dividing the year-end total assets of two fiscal periods (ex 2004 and 2005 PP&E divided by 2).

1. http://awgmain.morningstar.com/webhelp/glossary_definitions/stocks/Total_Equity_Quarter_1.html
2. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/042015/why-would-company-buyback-its-own-shares.asp
3. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/02/041702.asp
4. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/10/share-buybacks.asp
5. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental-analysis/08/buybacks-vs-book-value.asp
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_repurchase
7. https://www.forbes.com/sites/investor/2018/11/19/the-deeper-lesson-from-berkshire-hathaways-share-buyback/
8. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental/03/100103.asphttps://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/031004.asp
9. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/022504.asp
10. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/05/062405.asp (fraudulent practices in CF accounting)
11. https://www.investopedia.com/university/financialstatements/financialstatements2.asp
12. https://www.investopedia.com/university/financialstatements/financialstatements5.asp: (Revenue Recognition Issues: Very nice). (1) Net sales (2) Plus the decrease in accounts receivable (or minus the increase) (3) Plus the increase in cash advances from customers (or minus the decrease) = Cash received from customers
13. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-value-of-share-buybacks
15. https://zerodha.com/varsity/chapter/five-corporate-actions-and-its-impact-on-stock-prices/
16. http://theconversation.com/explainer-are-share-buybacks-good-for-investors-19686
17. https://dollarsandsense.sg/share-buybacks-what-it-means-and-how-it-impacts-investors/
18. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/why-firms-opt-to-buy-back-shares-than-pay-dividend/article25691611.ece/amp/